K2 D3  Heavy Bleeding Anemia

月經量過多，崩漏， 服用維他命K2 ，或K2 + D3

維他命K1的幫助比血液凝固較佳，但臨床見証K2是更有效果，可能K1俾人體吸收率較低的原故。

注意
脂溶性維生素A、D、E和K可以在體內儲存，如果攝取過量，會在體內累積。不像水溶性維生素，多餘的可以隨尿液排出，但A、D、E和K卻不是這樣。正在服用抗凝血藥物（如華法林或其品牌名Coumadin）的人需要特別小心維生素K的攝取。


For heavy menstrual bleeding or menorrhagia, taking Vitamin K2, or K2 combined with D3, may be beneficial. While Vitamin K1 is better known for aiding blood clotting, clinical evidence suggests that K2 is more effective, possibly because the body absorbs K1 less efficiently.


Attention
Vitamin A D E K with fat soluble vitamins is they can store up and build up in the body if take too much of it. Unlikely the non-fat soluble vitamins that we can excreted in our urine if too much, not the case with A D E K.  People on blood thinner medicine such as Warfarin or Coumadin(brand name for warfarin must be careful with Vitamin K consumption.

維化命 K1, K2

維他命K主要有兩種類型：維他命K1（K1）和維他命K2（K2），它們的來源、作用和吸收方式各有不同。以下是它們之間的主要區別：

1. 維他命K1（Phylloquinone）

  • 來源：主要來自綠色蔬菜，如菠菜、甘藍菜和西蘭花。

  • 作用：K1的主要功能是幫助血液凝固，防止過度出血。它在肝臟中被用於生成血液凝結蛋白質。

  • 吸收：K1通常較難被人體吸收，吸收率約10-15%，尤其當飲食中缺少脂肪時，吸收會更差。

2. 維他命K2（Menaquinone）

  • 來源：來自動物性食品（如蛋黃、乳酪）和發酵食品（如納豆、酸菜）。腸道細菌也能製造少量的K2。

  • 作用：K2對於骨骼和心血管健康更有幫助，因為它可以將鈣引導至骨骼，同時防止鈣沉積在動脈中，減少動脈硬化的風險。K2還在骨骼生成、骨密度維護方面發揮作用。

  • 亞型：K2又可細分為MK-4和MK-7等亞型。MK-4存在於動物性食品中，吸收快但半衰期較短；MK-7主要存在於發酵食品，吸收較慢但效果持久。

如何選擇維他命K1和K2

  • 血液凝固問題：K1是首選，因為它專注於血液凝固功能。

  • 骨骼健康和心血管健康：K2（特別是MK-7）更合適，因為它對骨密度和動脈健康的支持效果更佳。

一般來說，均衡飲食可以提供足量的K1，但K2則可能需要從動物性食品或補充劑中額外獲取。

Vitamin K primarily consists of two types: Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone) and Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone). Their sources, functions, and absorption methods differ. Below are the key distinctions between them:

1. Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone)

  • Source: Found mainly in green vegetables, such as spinach, kale, and broccoli.

  • Function: The primary role of K1 is to aid in blood clotting, preventing excessive bleeding. It is utilized in the liver to produce blood-clotting proteins.

  • Absorption: K1 is generally less readily absorbed by the body, with an absorption rate of about 10-15%. Its absorption is further hindered when dietary fat is insufficient.

2. Vitamin K2 (Menaquinone)

  • Source: Found in animal-based foods (e.g., egg yolks, cheese) and fermented foods (e.g., natto, sauerkraut). Intestinal bacteria also produce small amounts of K2.

  • Function: K2 is more beneficial for bone and cardiovascular health. It helps direct calcium to the bones while preventing calcium deposits in the arteries, reducing the risk of atherosclerosis. Additionally, K2 plays a role in bone formation and maintaining bone density.

  • Subtypes: K2 is further classified into subtypes such as MK-4 and MK-7:

    • MK-4: Found in animal-based foods, absorbed quickly but has a shorter half-life.

    • MK-7: Found in fermented foods, absorbed more slowly but has longer-lasting effects.

How to Choose Between Vitamin K1 and K2

  • For Blood Clotting Issues: K1 is the preferred choice as it focuses on blood clotting functions.

  • For Bone and Cardiovascular Health: K2 (especially MK-7) is more suitable due to its superior support for bone density and arterial health.

In general, a balanced diet can provide sufficient K1, but additional sources of K2 may need to come from animal-based foods or supplements.

維生素 D


維生素D有多種類型，主要分為以下幾種：

  1. 維生素D2（麥角鈣化醇，Ergocalciferol）
    來源：主要來自植物和酵母，常見於強化食品和某些植物性補充劑。
    功能：D2在人體內轉化為活性形式後，協助鈣和磷的吸收，對骨骼健康和免疫系統有幫助。

  2. 維生素D3（膽鈣化醇，Cholecalciferol）
    來源：主要來自動物來源，如魚類、蛋黃和肝臟，還可通過皮膚在陽光下合成。
    功能：D3是人體最常見的維生素D形式，經肝臟和腎臟轉化為活性形式，幫助鈣質吸收，促進骨骼和牙齒健康，同時增強免疫系統、降低炎症並支持心血管健康。

  3. 25-羥基維生素D（25-Hydroxyvitamin D，Calcidiol）
    來源：由肝臟將D3或D2轉化而來，為血液中的主要循環形式。
    功能：25-羥基維生素D是評估人體維生素D水平的指標，但需要在腎臟轉化為活性形式才能被有效利用。

  4. 1,25-二羥基維生素D（1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D，活性維生素D，Calcitriol）
    來源：由腎臟將25-羥基維生素D進一步轉化而來，是維生素D的活性形式。
    功能：作為最終活性形式，1,25-二羥基維生素D負責調節鈣和磷的代謝，促進骨骼礦化，維持血鈣平衡，並調控免疫系統，有助於預防骨質疏鬆和支持整體健康。

  5. 維生素D4（22-二氫膽鈣化醇，22-Dihydroergocalciferol）
    來源：較少見的維生素D形式，主要存在於某些真菌中。
    功能：目前對D4的作用了解較少，可能對人體鈣、磷的代謝也有一些影響，但影響力較弱。

  6. 維生素D5（7-去氫植物甾醇，Sitocalciferol）
    來源：主要存在於植物中，例如某些油菜籽。
    功能：具有類似D2和D3的作用，但對人體的研究相對有限，可能對骨骼和免疫功能有輔助作用。

總結來說，維生素D的不同形式主要在於來源和代謝途徑，而其核心功能大多集中於促進鈣、磷吸收，支持骨骼健康，並增強免疫功能。

Vitamin D exists in several forms, primarily categorized as follows:

  1. Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)

    • Source: Mainly derived from plants and yeast, commonly found in fortified foods and certain plant-based supplements.

    • Function: Once converted into its active form in the body, D2 aids in the absorption of calcium and phosphorus, benefiting bone health and supporting the immune system.

  2. Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol)

    • Source: Primarily from animal sources such as fish, egg yolks, and liver. It can also be synthesized by the skin when exposed to sunlight.

    • Function: D3 is the most common form of vitamin D in the human body. It is converted into its active form in the liver and kidneys, aiding calcium absorption, promoting bone and dental health, enhancing the immune system, reducing inflammation, and supporting cardiovascular health.

  3. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D (Calcidiol)

    • Source: Produced in the liver by converting D3 or D2. It is the main circulating form of vitamin D in the blood.

    • Function: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D is used as an indicator of vitamin D levels in the body. However, it must be converted in the kidneys to its active form to be effectively utilized.

  4. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (Calcitriol, Active Vitamin D)

    • Source: Derived from the conversion of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D in the kidneys; this is the active form of vitamin D.

    • Function: As the final active form, it regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism, promotes bone mineralization, maintains calcium balance in the blood, modulates the immune system, and helps prevent osteoporosis while supporting overall health.

  5. Vitamin D4 (22-Dihydroergocalciferol)

    • Source: A less common form of vitamin D, found mainly in certain fungi.

    • Function: The role of D4 is not well understood. It may have some influence on calcium and phosphorus metabolism, though its impact is relatively weak.

  6. Vitamin D5 (Sitocalciferol)

    • Source: Found primarily in plants, such as certain oilseeds.

    • Function: Similar in function to D2 and D3, though research on its effects in humans is limited. It may support bone health and immune function.

Summary

The different forms of vitamin D mainly vary in their sources and metabolic pathways. However, their core functions generally focus on enhancing calcium and phosphorus absorption, supporting bone health, and boosting immune function.

For Vitamin K2 and Vitamin D3, there isn't a specific maximum intake guideline set for dairy alone, but there are general upper intake levels (ULs) from all sources combined (food and supplements). Here’s a breakdown:

Vitamin K2:

  • There is no established Tolerable Upper Intake Level for Vitamin K2 from the Food and Nutrition Board because toxicity is rare and it is generally safe even in higher doses. Most studies use 45-180 mcg per day for therapeutic purposes, which is well tolerated.

  • K2 from dairy is typically low, so it’s safe to consume dairy without concern for K2 overdose.

Vitamin D3:

  • The recommended daily intake for adults is 600-800 IU, but some health professionals suggest higher amounts, especially for those with low blood levels.

  • The Tolerable Upper Intake Level for adults is 4,000 IU per day from all sources (including supplements and fortified foods). Higher doses may be recommended under medical supervision for individuals with specific deficiencies.

  • Most dairy products, even if fortified, provide a relatively low amount of D3, so it’s safe to consume dairy within normal dietary amounts.

If you’re using supplements along with dairy intake, it’s wise to check with a healthcare provider to avoid exceeding safe limits, especially with Vitamin D3, which can be toxic in excessive doses.